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Disputes Practice

Disputes are decided by preparation, not by stamina.

We represent companies and individuals in civil, commercial and arbitral disputes before courts and tribunals across Pakistan. The aim is whatever result actually helps the client: a decree that can be enforced, a settlement that holds, or a position protected while talks continue.

Adv. Danish Parmar

Legally reviewed by

Adv. Danish Parmar, Advocate High Court

Reviewed

At a glance

Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Services covered
9
Jurisdiction
Pakistan
Typically for
Companies and corporate groups in contract and commercial disputes · Banks, financial institutions and other lenders in recovery claims · Family businesses facing disagreements among shareholders or partners
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Services in detail

Our Litigation & Disputes services

Each matter is scoped to what you need. You can instruct us on a single item below or on a wider mandate.

1

Civil Litigation

Suits for recovery, declaration, specific performance, damages and injunctions before the civil courts and the High Courts.

When letters and meetings have failed, a claim over money, property or contract rights goes to court. We frame the suit around the relief that solves the client's actual problem, file it in the competent court under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, and run it with one eye on the interim stage and the other on enforcement.

What's included

  • Assessing cause of action, jurisdiction, limitation and the most suitable relief
  • Plaints, written statements, replications and supporting applications
  • Assembling documentary evidence and preparing witnesses for trial
  • Advocacy at framing of issues, recording of evidence and final arguments
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2

Commercial Disputes

Claims and defences between businesses over supply, distribution, agency, joint venture and other commercial contracts.

Business disputes usually start when a supplier, distributor, agent or joint venture partner stops performing, or performs badly. We look at the whole relationship, not just the clause in issue, and advise whether negotiation, arbitration or a suit will best protect revenue, market position and any relationship worth keeping.

What's included

  • Reading the contract alongside purchase orders, invoices and the course of dealing
  • Claims and defences for non-payment, defective supply and wrongful termination
  • Exclusivity, territory and commission disputes in agency and distribution
  • Deadlock and exit disputes between joint venture partners
Discuss this service
3

Arbitration & ADR

Domestic arbitration, stay applications in favour of arbitration, challenges to awards, and mediated or negotiated settlements.

An arbitration clause, or simply a preference for privacy, can make arbitration or mediation a sharper route than a civil trial. Sutra Law acts in domestic arbitrations under the Arbitration Act 1940, holds the other side to the agreement when it runs to court instead, and handles the court proceedings that follow an award.

What's included

  • Advice on the scope, validity and enforceability of arbitration clauses
  • Applications to stay a suit in favour of the agreed arbitration
  • Statements of claim and defence, and evidence before the arbitrator
  • Proceedings to make an award a rule of court, or to set it aside
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4

Interim Relief & Injunctions

Seeking or resisting temporary injunctions, attachment before judgment and other urgent orders that hold the position pending trial.

Long before judgment, an interim order can decide who holds the stronger hand. Where assets may vanish, a building may be altered or a business disrupted, we apply for protection without delay. If the client is the one restrained, we prepare a focused response to have the order vacated, varied or narrowed.

What's included

  • Temporary injunction applications built on prima facie case and balance of convenience
  • Attachment before judgment where a defendant may dispose of assets
  • Opposing ex parte orders and applying to vacate or modify them
  • Appeals against the grant or refusal of interim relief
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5

Appeals & Revisions

Appeals, revisions and review applications against decrees and orders of subordinate courts and tribunals.

Losing at first instance is not always the end. An appeal needs a fresh reading of the record, an honest look at the lower court's reasoning, and a short list of errors the appellate court can actually correct. We tell clients plainly whether an appeal, revision or review is worth bringing before we draft the grounds.

What's included

  • Reviewing the judgment and trial record for appealable errors
  • Memoranda of appeal, revision petitions and review applications
  • Applications to suspend the decree or order under challenge
  • Oral argument before the district appellate courts and the High Courts
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6

Execution Proceedings

Enforcing decrees and awards through attachment, sale of property and the other modes of execution the Code of Civil Procedure allows.

Plenty of decree-holders discover that winning and collecting are two different fights. We take over execution of decrees and awards, look for the judgment debtor's attachable assets, and choose the modes of execution most likely to produce money. Objections from debtors and third-party claimants are common, and we deal with them as they come.

What's included

  • Execution applications and attachment of movable and immovable property
  • Garnishee proceedings against bank accounts and sums owed to the debtor
  • Answering objections from debtors and claimants to attached property
  • Court auctions and recovery of the sale proceeds
Discuss this service
7

Shareholder & Partnership Disputes

Disputes among shareholders, directors and partners over control, management and exit, under the Companies Act 2017 and Partnership Act 1932.

A fight among shareholders, directors or partners can freeze a business and drain its value. We act in disputes over control, management, profit sharing and exit under the Companies Act 2017, the Partnership Act 1932 and the parties' own documents. Often a buy-out or managed separation serves everyone better than a long case, and we explore that early.

What's included

  • Oppression and mismanagement petitions and challenges to board or general meeting resolutions
  • Disputes over share transfers, allotments and shareholders' agreement rights
  • Suits for dissolution of partnership and rendition of accounts
  • Negotiated exits, valuations and settlement documents between co-owners
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8

Banking & Recovery Litigation

Recovery suits and their defence before the Banking Courts under the Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance 2001.

Banking Courts run on their own procedure under the Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance 2001, and the leave to defend stage often decides the case. We act for financial institutions bringing recovery suits and for borrowers and guarantors defending them, with close attention to the finance documents and the statement of account.

What's included

  • Recovery suits against borrowers, guarantors and mortgagors
  • Leave to defend applications raising substantial questions of law and fact
  • Scrutiny of finance agreements, security documents and statements of account
  • Sale of mortgaged property and execution of banking decrees
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9

Constitutional Petitions

Writ petitions in the High Courts against unlawful action by government departments, regulators and other public bodies.

Where a government department, regulator or other public body acts beyond its powers or without a fair hearing, the High Court's writ jurisdiction may provide a remedy. Whether a petition is maintainable, particularly if an adequate alternative remedy exists, is the first question we answer. Only then do we prepare one, with the record and legal grounds set out cleanly.

What's included

  • Challenges to orders of government departments, authorities and regulators
  • Petitions against arbitrary licensing, tender and cancellation decisions
  • Applications to suspend the impugned action pending the hearing
  • Intra-court appeals and further proceedings after a writ decision
Discuss this service

Overview

Litigation & Dispute Resolution in Pakistan

We represent companies and individuals in civil, commercial and arbitral disputes before courts and tribunals across Pakistan. The aim is whatever result actually helps the client: a decree that can be enforced, a settlement that holds, or a position protected while talks continue.

Practice group
Disputes
Services
9 areas of work

Most disputes in Pakistan are shaped much earlier than clients expect. A case under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 may run for years, but its direction is usually set in the first few months: what the plaint says, which documents go on record, and whether an interim order is granted or refused. Our first question is what the client needs from the dispute. The procedural route follows from the answer.

Our clients include companies, banks and other lenders, family-owned businesses, foreign investors and private individuals. Their disputes run from unpaid invoices and broken distribution deals to shareholder fights, recovery suits before the Banking Courts and writ petitions against public bodies. We appear before trial courts, the High Courts and appellate forums, and in arbitrations under the Arbitration Act 1940. If a matter can sensibly be settled without a full trial, we say so.

Before recommending a step, we check limitation under the Limitation Act 1908, what evidence will be admissible under the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, which court has jurisdiction, the likely cost, and whether the other side has assets worth pursuing. Clients get a frank account of strengths and weaknesses, and a short report after each hearing that matters. Decisions about settlement or appeal are then taken with the legal position clearly in view.

Companies and corporate groups in contract and commercial disputes
Banks, financial institutions and other lenders in recovery claims
Family businesses facing disagreements among shareholders or partners
Foreign businesses with claims against Pakistani counterparties

When clients come to us

Questions we are often asked to resolve

  1. 1

    A distributor has stopped paying us. Do we sue straight away, send a notice, or try to negotiate first?

  2. 2

    We have just been served with a plaint and a stay application. How much time do we have, and what can we do?

  3. 3

    Our contract has an arbitration clause, yet the other side has filed a suit. Can the suit be stopped?

  4. 4

    We obtained a decree some years ago but have recovered nothing. What can be done now?

  5. 5

    An ex parte injunction has halted part of our business. Can it be set aside or narrowed?

  6. 6

    Is the claim worth the cost and time of a full trial, or would we be better off settling?

How we help

A considered, practical approach

  1. 01

    Early case assessment

    Before anything is filed, we read the documents, test the facts against the law and give a straight view on merits, limitation, likely cost and realistic outcomes.

  2. 02

    Forum and strategy

    Civil court, High Court, Banking Court, special tribunal or arbitrator: we confirm the correct forum and plan the case around what the client wants commercially.

  3. 03

    Disciplined case conduct

    Pleadings, applications and evidence are prepared carefully and filed on time. Clients hear from us after each significant hearing, and straight away if something goes wrong.

  4. 04

    Resolution and enforcement

    We negotiate when settlement serves the client. Once a decree or award is obtained, we take it through execution until money or property is actually recovered.

Key considerations

What to weigh before you act

  • 1A claim filed after limitation has run under the Limitation Act 1908 can fail however strong it is, so the dates should be checked the moment a dispute surfaces.
  • 2Emails, invoices and minutes written before the dispute began are often the best evidence either side has. Keep them intact and organised from the outset.
  • 3An arbitration clause can take a dispute out of the courts, but the stay application has to be made before the defendant takes substantive steps in the suit.
  • 4Interim orders tend to set the balance of bargaining power for the rest of the case, which is why an injunction hearing deserves the same preparation as the trial.
  • 5A decree is only worth what can be recovered under it. Knowing where the defendant's assets are, before filing, saves a great deal of frustration later.

Insights

All insights
Litigation5 min read

The Civil Litigation Process in Pakistan, Explained

From the plaint to execution of the decree, a civil suit in Pakistan follows the Code of Civil Procedure 1908. Knowing each stage helps you plan cost, strategy and settlement.

Read

FAQ

Litigation & Disputes: common questions

Answers to the questions clients ask most often. Every matter turns on its facts.

Still have a question?

Speak with Sutra Law directly.

1How long does civil litigation take in Pakistan?

There is no fixed timeline. Duration depends on the court, how complex the issues are, how much evidence must be recorded and how the parties conduct themselves. Some matters end at the interim stage or in a compromise, while a contested trial followed by appeals can take years. We give a realistic estimate at the start and consider faster routes, such as a summary suit or arbitration, where the claim allows.

2Should we send a legal notice before filing a suit?

Usually yes, and sometimes it is compulsory, for example before suing the government or a public officer under Section 80 CPC. A notice puts the claim on record and quite often brings the other side to the table. It will also be read later by the judge, so we draft it to support the suit rather than give the defendant something to use against it.

3Can a court case be stopped if our contract has an arbitration clause?

Yes, if the clause is valid and covers the dispute, the court can be asked to stay the suit in favour of arbitration. Timing matters: a defendant who files a written statement or otherwise takes substantive steps in the suit first may lose the right. We look at the wording of the clause and its scope, then make or oppose the stay application.

4What can be done if the other side ignores a decree?

The decree-holder can file for execution and ask the court to attach and sell the judgment debtor's property, attach bank accounts or amounts owed to the debtor, or use other modes the law allows. Execution works best when assets have been identified in advance. We trace what we lawfully can and choose the route most likely to produce actual recovery.

5Can you handle a case in a city other than ours?

Yes. We serve clients throughout Pakistan and appear in whichever court has jurisdiction over the dispute. That is usually decided by where the cause of action arose or where the defendant lives or does business. Getting the forum right at the start matters, because a suit filed in the wrong court can be returned and lose months.

This page gives general information about Litigation & Dispute Resolution in Pakistan. It is not legal advice. The law and procedures change, and every matter turns on its own facts, so please speak to us about your situation. Reading this page does not create a lawyer–client relationship.

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